Month: December 2022

Python functions are a way to group together a set of statements that perform a specific task. They allow you to reuse code, making your programs more modular and efficient. In this article, we will provide a beginner’s guide to creating and using functions in Python.

To create a function in Python, you use the def keyword followed by the name of the function, a set of parentheses, and a colon. The statements that make up the function are indented, just like in any other block of code in Python. For example:

def greet():
  print("Hello, world!")

To call a function in Python, you simply use its name followed by a set of parentheses. For example:

greet()

This will execute the code inside the greet() function, in this case printing “Hello, world!” to the screen.

Functions can also take arguments, which are values that are passed to the function when it is called. These arguments allow the function to perform its task using different input values each time it is called. For example:

def greet(name):
  print("Hello, " + name + "!")

In this case, the greet() function takes a single argument, name, which is the name of the person we want to greet. When we call the function, we pass in a value for name, which the function uses to generate the greeting. For example:

greet("John")

This will print “Hello, John!” to the screen.

Functions can also return values. This allows you to use the result of the function in other parts of your code. For example:

def square(x):
  return x * x

In this case, the square() function takes a single argument, x, and returns the square of that number. You can then use the returned value in other parts of your code, like this:

result = square(5)
print(result)

This code will print 25 to the screen, since 5 squared is 25.

Python also provides a way to specify default values for function arguments. This allows you to call the function without providing a value for that argument, in which case the default value will be used. For example:

def greet(name="John"):
  print("Hello, " + name + "!")

In this case, the greet() function has a default value of “John” for the name argument. This means that if we call the function without providing a value for name, it will use the default value of “John”. For example:

greet()

This will print “Hello, John!” to the screen, since the default value of “John” was used for the name argument.

In conclusion, functions are an important part of the Python programming language. They allow you to group together a set of statements that perform a specific task, and to reuse that code in your programs. By using functions, you can make your code more modular, efficient, and readable.

External links :

• The official Python website (https://www.python.org/) provides documentation, tutorials, and other resources for learning and using Python.
• The Python Software Foundation (https://www.python.org/psf/) is the organization that maintains and supports the Python language.
• The Python documentation (https://docs.python.org/) contains detailed information about the language, its standard library, and popular third-party modules.
• The Python Package Index (https://pypi.org/) is a repository of third-party Python modules that you can use in your own projects.
• The Python Wiki (https://wiki.python.org/) is a community-maintained resource that provides information about the Python language and its ecosystem.

Python is a popular and versatile programming language that has a simple and easy-to-learn syntax. One of the key features of Python is its control flow statements, which allow you to control the order in which the statements in your program are executed. In this article, we’ll provide an introduction to the different control flow statements in Python, including if-else statements, for loops, and while loops.

1. If-else statements: In Python, if-else statements are used to conditionally execute a block of code based on the truth value of a specified condition. The general syntax for an if-else statement is as follows:

if condition:
  # code to execute if condition is True
else:
  # code to execute if condition is False

For example, the following if-else statement checks whether a variable “x” is greater than 10, and prints a message accordingly:

if x > 10:
  print("x is greater than 10")
else:
  print("x is not greater than 10")

You can also use multiple conditions and “elif” clauses (short for “else if”) to create more complex control flow statements. For example:

if x > 10:
  print("x is greater than 10")
elif x == 10:
  print("x is equal to 10")
else:
  print("x is less than 10")

2. For loops: In Python, for loops are used to iterate over a sequence of elements, such as a list or a string. The general syntax for a for loop is as follows:

for element in sequence:
  # code to execute for each element in the sequence

For example, the following for loop iterates over a list of numbers and prints each element:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

for number in numbers:
  print(number)

You can also use the “range()” function to generate a sequence of numbers, and the “enumerate()” function to access the index and value of each element in a sequence. For example:

# using range() to generate a sequence of numbers
for i in range(10):
  print(i)

# using enumerate() to access the index and value of each element
for i, number in enumerate(numbers):
  print(f"Element at index {i}: {number}")

3. While loops: In Python, while loops are used to repeatedly execute a block of code while a specified condition is True. The general syntax for a while loop is as follows:

while condition:
  # code to execute while condition is True

For example, the following while loop prints the numbers from 1 to 10:

i = 1
while i <= 10:
print(i)
i += 1

It’s important to note that you should always include a statement in your while loop that updates the value of the condition, otherwise the loop will run indefinitely.

In conclusion, these are the basics of Python’s control flow statements. By understanding how to use if-else statements, for loops, and while loops, you’ll be able to control the flow of your Python programs and create more complex and powerful applications.

In Python, operators are used to perform operations on data and variables. There are several different types of operators in Python, including arithmetic operators, comparison operators, and logical operators. In this article, we’ll provide a guide to the different types of operators in Python and how they are used.

1. Arithmetic operators: Python has a range of arithmetic operators for performing basic mathematical operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. These include the “+” operator for addition, the “-” operator for subtraction, the “*” operator for multiplication, and the “/” operator for division. For example:

sum = 3 + 5
difference = 10 - 5
product = 4 * 2
quotient = 10 / 2

2. Comparison operators: Python has a range of comparison operators for comparing the values of two operands. These include the “==” operator for equality, the “!=” operator for inequality, the “<” operator for less than, and the “>” operator for greater than. For example:

is_equal = (3 + 5) == (4 * 2)
is_not_equal = (10 - 5) != (4 * 2)
is_less_than = (3 + 5) < (4 * 2)
is_greater_than = (10 - 5) > (4 * 2)

3. Logical operators: Python has a range of logical operators for combining and manipulating the truth values of two or more operands. These include the “and” operator, the “or” operator, and the “not” operator. The “and” operator returns True if both operands are True, and the “or” operator returns True if at least one operand is True. The “not” operator negates the truth value of its operand, returning True if its operand is False and False if its operand is True.

In conclusion, these are some of the different types of operators in Python. By understanding how to use these operators, you’ll be able to perform various operations on data and variables in your Python programs.

Python is a versatile programming language that has several built-in data types for storing and manipulating different types of data. In this article, we’ll provide an overview of the most commonly used data types in Python, including strings, numbers, lists, and dictionaries.

1. Strings: In Python, strings are sequences of characters enclosed in quotation marks (either single or double). They are used to represent text data, such as names, addresses, and messages. For example:

my_string = "Hello, world!"

Python has several built-in methods for working with strings, including the “upper()” method, which converts a string to uppercase, and the “replace()” method, which replaces a specified substring with another string. For example:

uppercase_string = my_string.upper()
replaced_string = my_string.replace("world", "Python")

2. Numbers: In Python, numbers are used to represent numerical data, such as integers (whole numbers) and floating-point numbers (numbers with decimal points). For example:

my_integer = 10
my_float = 3.14

Python has several built-in operators for performing mathematical operations with numbers, including the “+” operator for addition, the “-” operator for subtraction, and the “*” operator for multiplication. For example:

sum = my_integer + my_float
difference = my_integer - my_float
product = my_integer * my_float

3. Lists: In Python, lists are used to store and manipulate ordered collections of data. A list is represented by a set of square brackets ( [ ] ) containing a comma-separated list of elements. For example:

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Python has several built-in methods for working with lists, including the “append()” method, which adds an element to the end of a list, and the “insert()” method, which inserts an element at a specified position in the list. For example:

my_list.append(6)

4. Dictionaries: In Python, dictionaries are used to store and manipulate unordered collections of data. A dictionary is represented by a set of curly braces ( { } ) containing a comma-separated list of key-value pairs. For example:

my_dictionary = {"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}

Python has several built-in methods for working with dictionaries, including the “get()” method, which retrieves the value associated with a specified key, and the “items()” method, which returns a list of the dictionary’s key-value pairs. For example:

value1 = my_dictionary.get("key1")
key_value_pairs = my_dictionary.items()

In conclusion, these are some of the most commonly used data types in Python. By understanding how to work with these data types, you’ll be able to store and manipulate data in your Python programs.

Python is a popular and versatile programming language that has a simple and easy-to-learn syntax. In this article, we’ll provide a crash course in the basics of Python syntax, covering the fundamental concepts that you need to know to start writing your own Python programs.

1. Comments: In Python, comments are lines of text that are ignored by the interpreter and are used to add notes and explanations to your code. Comments are preceded by the “#” symbol, and everything after the symbol is considered a comment. For example:

# This is a comment

2. Variables: In Python, variables are used to store and reference data. To create a variable, you use the “=” operator to assign a value to the variable. For example:

my_variable = 10

3. Data types: Python has several built-in data types, including integers (numbers without a decimal point), floating-point numbers (numbers with a decimal point), strings (text enclosed in quotation marks), and Booleans (logical values of True or False). For example:

my_integer = 10
my_float = 3.14
my_string = "Hello, world!"
my_boolean = True

4. Operators: Python has a range of operators that you can use to manipulate data and perform calculations. These include arithmetic operators (e.g. “+”, “-“, “*”, “/”) for basic math operations, as well as comparison operators (e.g. “==”, “!=”, “<“, “>”) for comparing values. For example:

result = 10 + 5
is_equal = 10 == 5

5. Functions: In Python, functions are blocks of code that can be called and executed at any time. To define a function, you use the “def” keyword followed by the name of the function and a set of parentheses ( ) containing the function’s parameters.

6. Control flow: In Python, control flow refers to the order in which the statements in a program are executed. Python has several control flow statements, including “if” statements for conditional execution, “for” and “while” loops for repeating blocks of code, and “try” and “except” statements for handling exceptions (errors). For example:

# if statement
if my_variable  > 10:
  print("my_variable is greater than 10")

# for loop
for i in range(10):
  print(i)

# while loop
while my_variable > 0:
  print(my_variable)
  my_variable -= 1

# try/except statement
try:
  # some code that might raise an error
except ErrorType:
  # code to handle the error

In conclusion, these are the basics of Python syntax. By understanding these concepts, you’ll be able to write your own Python programs and start exploring the power and flexibility of this popular programming language.

https://python.org

If you want to start using Python on your computer, you’ll need to install it first. In this article, we’ll provide a step-by-step guide to installing Python on your computer, whether you’re using Windows, MacOS, or Linux.

1. First, visit the Python website (https://www.python.org/) and click on the “Downloads” link.
2. On the downloads page, you’ll see a list of the latest versions of Python. Choose the version that you want to install and click on the link to download it.
3. Once the download is complete, open the downloaded file to start the installation.
4. If you’re using Windows, the installation wizard will guide you through the process. Just follow the instructions on the screen to complete the installation.
5. If you’re using MacOS, the downloaded file will be a disk image (.dmg) file. Double-click on the file to open it, and then drag the Python icon to the “Applications” folder.
6. If you’re using Linux, the downloaded file will be a tarball (.tar.xz) file. Open a terminal and navigate to the directory where you downloaded the file. Then, use the following commands to extract the tarball and install Python:

tar -xf Python-X.X.X.tar.xz
cd Python-X.X.X
./configure
make
sudo make install

7. Once Python is installed, you can verify the installation by opening a terminal or command prompt and typing the following command:

python --version

This will print the version of Python that you have installed. If everything is working correctly, you’re now ready to start using Python on your computer.

In conclusion, installing Python on your computer is a simple process that just requires a few steps. Whether you’re using Windows, MacOS, or Linux, the process is similar and only takes a few minutes to complete. Once Python is installed, you can start using it to write and run your own programs.

External links :

Here are a few links that may be useful if you’re looking for more information on installing Python on your computer:

• The official Python website (https://www.python.org/): This is the main source for information on Python, including installation instructions, documentation, and tutorials.
• The Python Software Foundation (https://www.python.org/psf/): This is the organization that manages the development of Python and its community.
• The Python documentation (https://docs.python.org/): This is the official documentation for Python, including detailed information on the language and its features.
• Stack Overflow (https://stackoverflow.com/): This is a popular Q&A site for programmers, where you can ask and answer questions about Python and other programming topics.
• YouTube (https://www.youtube.com/): There are many video tutorials on YouTube that can help you learn how to install and use Python on your computer.

Python is a popular and versatile programming language that has a wide range of applications. From web development to data analysis and machine learning, Python is used in many different fields and industries. If you’re considering learning a new programming language, here are some reasons why you should consider learning Python.

1. Python is easy to learn and use. Compared to other programming languages, Python has a simple and straightforward syntax that is easy to read and write. This makes it a great language for beginners who are just starting to learn programming.
2. Python is versatile. Python can be used for a wide range of tasks, from web development and data analysis to scientific computing and artificial intelligence. This means that once you learn Python, you’ll be able to use it in many different fields and industries.
3. Python has a large and active community. Python has a large and active community of developers who contribute to the language and its ecosystem of libraries and frameworks. This means that there is a wealth of online resources and support available if you need help with your Python projects.
4. Python has a wide range of libraries and frameworks. One of the main benefits of Python is its extensive ecosystem of libraries and frameworks that make it easy to perform complex tasks with just a few lines of code. For example, the Pandas library is widely used for data manipulation and analysis, and the Django framework is popular for web development.
5. Python is in high demand. Python is a popular language in many fields, and there is a high demand for Python developers. According to the latest Stack Overflow Developer Survey, Python is the second most popular language among developers, and it is also one of the top languages in terms of job postings on job search sites.

In conclusion, learning Python has many benefits. It is a versatile language that is easy to learn, has a large and active community, and is in high demand in many fields and industries. If you’re interested in learning a new programming language, Python is definitely worth considering.

Le langage de programmation Python est un langage puissant et polyvalent largement utilisé pour créer des applications web, des applications scientifiques et une grande variété d’autres logiciels. Avec sa syntaxe simple et facile à apprendre, Python est un excellent langage pour les débutants à apprendre et il a une vaste communauté d’utilisateurs et de développeurs qui peuvent fournir du support et des ressources.

Dans cet article, nous vous présenterons les bases de Python et fournirons un guide pour les débutants du langage. Nous couvrirons des sujets tels que l’histoire de Python, ses fonctionnalités clés et ses applications. Nous fournirons également un aperçu de l’environnement de programmation Python, y compris comment installer Python et comment utiliser l’interpréteur Python.

Histoire de Python

Python a été publié pour la première fois en 1991 par son créateur, Guido van Rossum. Van Rossum était un programmeur informatique qui cherchait un moyen de créer un nouveau langage de programmation facile à utiliser, flexible et puissant. Il s’est inspiré de la série télévisée de la BBC “Monty Python’s Flying Circus” et a donné à son langage le nom de l’émission.

Python est un langage de programmation open-source populaire et polyvalent. Il a été créé dans les années 1990 par Guido van Rossum et est depuis devenu l’un des langages de programmation les plus utilisés dans le monde, notamment dans les domaines de l’analyse de données, l’apprentissage automatique et le développement Web.

Débuter en python

Si vous êtes un débutant en programmation, Python est un excellent choix pour commencer. Il est facile à apprendre, lisible et flexible. De plus, il dispose d’une grande communauté de développeurs et de bibliothèques pour presque tous les besoins de programmation imaginable.

Pour commencer à apprendre Python, vous aurez besoin d’un ordinateur avec une installation de Python 3. Vous pouvez télécharger et installer Python à partir du site officiel (https://www.python.org/).

Une fois que Python est installé, vous pouvez lancer l’interpréteur Python en ouvrant un terminal ou une invite de commande et en tapant la commande “python” suivie de la touche “Entrée”. Cela ouvrira l’interpréteur Python, qui vous permettra d’entrer des commandes Python et de voir les résultats immédiatement.

Les bases de Python sont simples et faciles à apprendre. Pour commencer, voici un exemple de programme simple qui affiche “Bonjour, monde!” à l’écran :

print("Bonjour, monde!")

Pour exécuter ce programme, vous pouvez l’entrer dans l’interpréteur Python ou le sauvegarder dans un fichier avec l’extension “.py” et le lancer avec la commande “python nom_du_fichier.py”.

En plus de l’affichage de texte à l’écran, Python permet également de stocker et manipuler des données. Par exemple, vous pouvez déclarer une variable en utilisant le mot-clé “var” suivi du nom de la variable et de sa valeur :

ma_variable = 10

Vous pouvez également effectuer des opérations sur les variables, comme l’addition, la soustraction, la multiplication et la division :

ma_variable = 10
autre_variable = 5

resultat = ma_variable + autre_variable
print(resultat) # affiche 15

Python est également doté d’un système de types de données avancé, qui permet de définir des structures de données plus complexes telles que des listes, des tuples et des dictionnaires. Par exemple, vous pouvez déclarer une liste en utilisant des crochets [ ] :

ma_liste = []

Vous pouvez ensuite ajouter, supprimer et accéder aux éléments de la liste de différentes manières :

ma_liste = [1, 2, 3]

# ajouter un élément à la fin de la liste
ma_liste.append(4)

# insérer un élément à un index spécifique
ma_liste.insert(1, 5)

# accéder à un élément par son index
un_element = ma_liste[2]

# supprimer un élément par son index
del ma_liste[3]

En plus des structures de données, Python dispose également de différents types de boucles et de conditions qui vous permettent de contrôler le flux d’exécution de votre programme. Par exemple, vous pouvez utiliser une boucle “for” pour parcourir chaque élément d’une liste :

ma_liste = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

# boucle for
for element in ma_liste:
  print(element)

Vous pouvez également utiliser une condition “if” pour exécuter un bloc de code seulement si une condition est vraie :

ma_variable = 10

# condition if
if ma_variable > 5:
  print("ma_variable est plus grand que 5")

Enfin, Python offre également la possibilité de créer des fonctions qui vous permettent de regrouper du code réutilisable en un seul endroit. Par exemple, vous pouvez définir une fonction qui prend en entrée un nombre et renvoie sa carré :

# définition d'une fonction
def carre(x):
  return x * x

# utilisation de la fonction
resultat = carre(5)
print(resultat) # affiche 25

En résumé, Python est un langage de programmation facile à apprendre et puissant, idéal pour les débutants en programmation. Si vous souhaitez en savoir plus, n’hésitez pas à consulter la documentation officielle ou à vous inscrire à un cours en ligne pour approfondir vos connaissances.

Liens externes :

Voici quelques ressources en ligne qui pourraient être utiles si vous souhaitez en savoir plus sur Python :

• Le site officiel de Python (https://www.python.org/) : vous y trouverez des informations sur l’installation et l’utilisation de Python, ainsi que des tutoriels et de la documentation.
• La documentation officielle de Python (https://docs.python.org/) : vous y trouverez une référence complète de toutes les fonctionnalités de Python, avec des exemples et des explications détaillées.
• Coursera (https://www.coursera.org/) : vous y trouverez des cours en ligne sur Python, offerts par des universités et des institutions reconnues.
• Codeacademy (https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-python) : vous y trouverez des leçons interactives gratuites pour apprendre les bases de Python.

Il existe également de nombreux forums et communautés en ligne où vous pouvez poser des questions et échanger avec d’autres développeurs Python. Ces ressources peuvent être utiles si vous avez des problèmes ou des questions spécifiques sur l’utilisation de Python.

Python is a powerful and versatile programming language that is widely used for creating web applications, scientific applications, and a wide range of other software. With its simple and easy-to-learn syntax, Python is a great language for beginners to learn, and it has a vast community of users and developers who can provide support and resources.

In this article, we will introduce you to the basics of Python and provide a beginner’s guide to the language. We will cover topics such as the history of Python, its key features, and its applications. We will also provide a brief overview of the Python programming environment, including how to install Python and how to use the Python interpreter.

History of Python

Python was first released in 1991 by its creator, Guido van Rossum. Van Rossum was a computer programmer who was looking for a way to create a new programming language that was easy to use, flexible, and powerful. He was inspired by the BBC television series “Monty Python’s Flying Circus,” and he named his language after the show.

Since its release, Python has become one of the most popular programming languages in the world, and it has a thriving community of users and developers. It is known for its simplicity and readability, which makes it easy for beginners to learn, and its flexibility and power, which make it suitable for a wide range of applications.

Key Features of Python

Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language, which means that it is easy to read and write, and it does not require the use of complex low-level commands. This makes it a great language for beginners to learn, and it is often used as a teaching language in computer science classes.

Python is also a dynamically-typed language, which means that it does not require the programmer to declare the type of a variable before using it. This allows for greater flexibility in coding, and it makes it easier to write code that can handle different types of data.

In addition to its simplicity and flexibility, Python is also a powerful language. It has a large standard library that includes modules for a wide range of applications, including web development, scientific computing, and data analysis. It also has a rich ecosystem of third-party libraries and frameworks that can be used to build complex and sophisticated applications.

Applications of Python

Python is a versatile language that is used in a wide range of applications. Some of the most common applications of Python include:

• Web development: Python is widely used for creating web applications, thanks to its powerful libraries and frameworks such as Django and Flask.
• Scientific computing: Python is popular among scientists and researchers for its ability to handle large datasets and perform complex calculations. It has a rich ecosystem of libraries for scientific computing, including NumPy and SciPy.
• Data analysis: Python is a powerful language for working with data, and it has a range of libraries and frameworks for data analysis and visualization. Some popular libraries for data analysis in Python include Pandas, Matplotlib, and Seaborn.
• Machine learning: Python is a popular choice for building and training machine learning models, thanks to its powerful libraries and frameworks such as TensorFlow and scikit-learn.
• Artificial intelligence: Python is also used in the field of artificial intelligence, and it has a range of libraries and frameworks for building and training AI models, such as PyTorch and OpenAI Gym.

The Python Programming Environment

To use Python, you need to have the Python interpreter installed on your computer. The interpreter is a program that reads and executes Python code, and it is available for all major

operating systems. To install Python, you can download it from the official Python website, or you can use a package manager such as pip or conda to install it.

Once you have installed Python, you can use the Python interpreter to run Python code. The interpreter can be used in two ways: you can use it interactively, by typing Python code directly into the interpreter, or you can use it to run Python code from a file.

To use the interpreter interactively, you can open a terminal or command prompt and type the command “python” to start the interpreter. Once the interpreter is running, you can type Python code directly into it, and the interpreter will execute the code as you type it. This is a great way to experiment with Python and try out different pieces of code.

To run Python code from a file, you can create a file with a “.py” extension that contains your Python code. Then, you can use the command “python” followed by the name of your file to run the code in the file. This is a useful way to write and run larger programs and applications in Python.

In addition to the Python interpreter, there are also many other tools and resources available for working with Python. These include IDEs (Integrated Development Environments) such as PyCharm and Spyder, which provide a more user-friendly environment for writing and running Python code. There are also many third-party libraries and frameworks that can be used to extend the capabilities of Python, and there is a large community of users and developers who can provide support and resources for working with Python.

Conclusion

Python is a powerful and versatile programming language that is widely used for creating web applications, scientific applications, and a wide range of other software. With its simple and easy-to-learn syntax, Python is a great language for beginners to learn, and it has a vast community of users and developers who can provide support and resources. In this article, we introduced you to the basics of Python and provided a beginner’s guide to

the language. We covered topics such as the history of Python, its key features, and its applications. We also provided a brief overview of the Python programming environment, including how to install Python and how to use the Python interpreter.

If you are interested in learning more about Python, there are many resources available to help you get started. You can find tutorials, guides, and other learning materials on the official Python website and on other websites such as Codecademy and Coursera. You can also join online forums and communities, such as Stack Overflow and Reddit, to ask questions and get support from other Python users.

With its simplicity and flexibility, Python is a great language for beginners to learn, and it is a powerful tool for creating a wide range of applications. Whether you are interested in web development, scientific computing, data analysis, or any other field, Python is a valuable skill to have, and it can open up a world of opportunities.

External links :

• Official Python website: https://www.python.org/
• Python tutorials on Codecademy: https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-python
• Python courses on Coursera: https://www.coursera.org/courses?query=python
• Python questions on Stack Overflow: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/python
• Python community on Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/Python/
• Django web framework: https://www.djangoproject.com/
• Flask web framework: https://flask.palletsprojects.com/
• NumPy library for scientific computing: https://numpy.org/
• SciPy library for scientific computing: https://scipy.org/
• Pandas library for data analysis: https://pandas.pydata.org/
• Matplotlib library for data visualization: https://matplotlib.org/
• Seaborn library for data visualization: https://seaborn.pydata.org/
• TensorFlow library for machine learning: https://www.tensorflow.org/
• scikit-learn library for machine learning: https://scikit-learn.org/
• PyTorch library for artificial intelligence: https://pytorch.org/
• OpenAI Gym framework for artificial intelligence: https://gym.openai.com/
• PyCharm IDE for Python: https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/
• Spyder IDE for Python: https://www.spyder-ide.org/
• pip package manager for Python: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/
• conda package manager for Python: https://docs.conda.io/en/latest/